Moths, moths, moths (Heterocera)

Moths, also known as night butterflies, are fascinating insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Unlike their diurnal cousins, butterflies, moths are nocturnal, making them harder to spot but equally interesting. There are over 160,000 species of moth in the world, making them one of the most diverse groups of insects.

Classification and diversity

Butterflies, including both day and night species, are one of the most diverse groups of insects in the world. The division of butterflies into day (Rhopalocera) and night (Heterocera) butterflies is mainly due to their activity and anatomical structure. Day butterflies are characterised by brightly coloured wings and club-shaped antennae, while moths, or nocturnal butterflies, have antennae of various shapes, often feathery, and more subdued colours that help them blend in.

The most common moth families

• Noctuidae (owlet moths): This is the largest family of moths, comprising around 35,000 species. These are robust insects, often with subdued wing colours. Owlet moths are known for the fact that many of their species are pests of crops.
• Geometridae (geometer moths): This family has around 23,000 species. They are characterised by their slender body and wings, which often have delicate patterns. Their caterpillars move in a characteristic way, which resembles measuring distances, hence the name ‘geometer moths’.
• Sphingidae (hawkmoths): This family includes around 1,200 species. Hawkmoths are known for their elongated, slender bodies and their ability to hover in flight while feeding on nectar from flowers, which resembles the behaviour of hummingbirds. An example is the star-tailed hawk moth (Macroglossum stellatarum), which is often found in gardens.

Each of these families of moths has unique characteristics that allow them to adapt to different environments and ecological niches. This diversity means that moths play a complex and multifaceted role in ecosystems around the world.

Morphology and biology of moths

The body of a moth consists of three main parts: the head, the torso and the abdomen. Each of these parts has specific functions and is equipped with characteristic structures:

• Wings: Moths have four wings covered with scales that form various patterns and colours. The wings can be of different sizes and shapes, which often helps with camouflage or deterring predators.
• Antennae: The antennae of moths are diverse in shape, often feathery or comb-like, which helps them to detect pheromones and orientate themselves in space. The antennae of butterflies are usually club-shaped (thickened at the ends).
• Abdomen: The abdomen of moths is usually thicker and more rounded than that of butterflies. It contains the reproductive organs and other important internal structures.

Differences between moths and butterflies

• Colours: Moths usually have more subdued colours, which help them to blend in when they rest during the day. Daytime butterflies often have bright, contrasting colours, which serve as a signalling and protective function.
• Structure of the antennae: The antennae of moths are diverse and can be feathery, comb-like or thread-like, depending on the species. The antennae of butterflies are usually club-shaped, which is their characteristic feature.

Life cycle of a moth

The life cycle of a moth includes several stages in which the insect undergoes significant metamorphoses:

1. Egg: Females lay their eggs on the respective host plants. The eggs can have different shapes and colours, depending on the species.
2. Caterpillar: After hatching from the egg, the caterpillar begins to feed intensively, growing and moulting several times. Moth caterpillars can have a variety of colours and patterns, often adapted to the plants on which they feed.
3. Pupa: The caterpillar turns into a pupa, which can be protected by a cocoon or directly attached to a plant. In this stage, an internal transformation takes place, in which the structures of the adult (imago) are formed.
4. Adult (imago): After the pupal stage, the adult moth hatches and begins its short adult life, which is focused on reproduction and egg laying. Adult moths usually have reduced mouthparts and do not feed, feeding only on previously accumulated reserves.

Understanding the morphology and biology of moths is crucial for appreciating their role in the ecosystem and for their effective protection.

Behaviour and ecology

Moths are mainly nocturnal, which is a result of their adaptation to living in the dark. They have a well-developed sense of sight adapted to seeing in low light and the ability to detect pheromones over long distances, which is crucial for their reproduction. Many species of moth have a camouflaging colouring that protects them from predators while they rest during the day. Their antennae are also highly sensitive to vibrations and odours, which helps them navigate and find food.

Behaviour during the day

During the day, moths usually hide in dark, safe places, such as under tree bark, in dense foliage or in cracks in buildings. Their subdued colours help them blend in with their surroundings, protecting them from predators. Some species may be active on cloudy days or at dusk and dawn when the light is weaker.

Importance of moths in pollinating plants

Moths play an important role in the ecosystem as pollinators. Many plants, especially those that bloom at night, rely on moths for pollination. Moths feed on nectar, which is a rich source of energy, and while feeding on flowers, they transfer pollen from one plant to another, enabling fertilisation and seed production. An example is the common star hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum), which pollinates many species of flowers.

The role of moths as a food source for other animals

Moths are a key element in the food chain. Both adult moths and their caterpillars are an important source of food for many predators, including birds, bats, amphibians and small mammals. Caterpillars are also eaten by predatory insects such as beetles and wasps. The presence of moths in the ecosystem ensures balance and promotes biodiversity by providing essential nutrients to many animal species.

Importance and impact on humans

Positive and negative aspects of the presence of moths

Positive aspects:

1. Pollination: Moths are important pollinators, especially for night-flowering plants. They contribute to plant diversity and seed production.
2. Food source: Moths are an important food source for many predators, including birds, bats and small mammals, thus supporting the health of ecosystems.
3. Biomonitoring: The presence and abundance of different moth species can be an indicator of ecosystem health, which is useful for monitoring the state of the environment.

Negative aspects:

1. Crop pests: Some moth species, especially in the larval stage (caterpillars), are serious pests of crops, leading to agricultural losses.
2. Damage to stored products: Moths can damage stored food products and materials such as clothing and fabrics. Examples include food moths and fabric moths.
3. Fear and superstition: Moths are sometimes viewed negatively due to superstition and unfounded fears.

If you have noticed moths or other insects in your home, you should consider having your home professionally exterminated. Moths can be a nuisance and some species, such as clothes moths, can cause damage to stored food and clothing.

Moths as pests: examples of species harmful to crops and stored products

1. Noctuids (Noctuidae): Some species, such as the beet armyworm (Agrotis segetum), can cause significant damage to beet, potato and other crops.
2. Pyralid Moths (Pyralidae): Species such as the Indian meal moth (Ephestia kuehniella) and the Indian storage moth (Plodia interpunctella) attack stored products including flour, cereals and dried fruit, causing losses in food warehouses.
3. Clothes moths (Tineidae): An example is the food moth (Tineola bisselliella), which destroys fabrics, clothes and woollen products.

The meaning of moths in culture and symbolism

1. Symbolism in literature and art: Moths often symbolise mystery, the night and transience. In literature and art, they are used as metaphors for life, death and transformation.
2. Superstition and belief: In different cultures, moths have been seen both positively, as symbols of ancestral spirits, and negatively, as harbingers of death and misfortune. In Chinese culture, the moth symbolises the soul of the deceased, while in some European cultures, the appearance of a large moth in the house was considered a bad omen.
3. Inspiration in fashion and design: Moths, due to their beautiful and diverse patterns, have become an inspiration for artists, fashion designers and interior decorators.

The significance of moths for humans is multifaceted, encompassing both positive and negative aspects of their presence. Understanding these insects allows for better management of their populations and appreciation of their role in culture and nature.

Moth conservation and threats

Pesticides: The use of pesticides in agriculture and horticulture is one of the greatest threats to moths. Chemicals designed to control pests often also destroy populations of beneficial insects, including owls. Pesticides can directly kill caterpillars and adults or indirectly affect their ability to reproduce and survive.

Climate change: Global warming and the associated climate change have a serious impact on moth populations. Changes in temperature, rainfall patterns and extreme weather events can disrupt moth life cycles and change the availability of food and habitats. Some species may not be able to adapt to rapidly changing climatic conditions, which leads to their extinction.

Loss of habitat: Deforestation, urbanisation and intensive agriculture contribute to the significant loss of natural moth habitats. The reduction of forests, meadows and other natural ecosystems means that moths lose their places to reproduce, feed and shelter. Habitat fragmentation further hinders migration and the maintenance of stable populations.

Protective measures and research projects aimed at protecting the diversity of moths

Reduction of pesticide use: Promoting organic farming and integrated pest management, which minimise the use of pesticides, can help protect firefly populations. Educating farmers and gardeners about alternative pest control methods is key to reducing the negative impact of chemicals on the environment.

Protection and restoration of habitats: The creation of nature reserves, national parks and other protected areas is essential for the preservation of natural glow worm habitats. Measures to restore damaged ecosystems, such as afforestation, renaturation of meadows and the creation of wildlife corridors, can promote biodiversity.

Population monitoring and research: Research and population monitoring of owls allows for a better understanding of their ecology, habitat needs and threats. Research projects such as nocturnal owl monitoring programmes can provide valuable data for the development of conservation strategies.

Education and public awareness: Raising public awareness of the importance of moths and their conservation is crucial for effective conservation measures. Educational campaigns, workshops and school programmes can help build understanding and support for moth conservation.

International cooperation: Many bat species migrate over long distances, which is why their conservation requires international cooperation. Joint measures such as international agreements and conservation programmes can effectively protect migratory species and their habitats.

Protecting moths requires integrated action on many levels, from local initiatives to global cooperation. Effective conservation strategies can contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and the health of ecosystems in which moths play a key role.

Interesting facts about moths

The largest species

1. Atlas moth (Attacus atlas): Considered one of the largest moths in the world, the atlas moth has a wingspan of up to 30 cm. It originates from the tropical and subtropical forests of Southeast Asia and is known for its impressive size and beautiful snake-like wing patterns.
2. Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules): This impressive moth is found in Australia and New Guinea. The wingspan of the males can reach up to 27 cm, and their long tails add to their elegance and majesty.

The most beautiful species

1. Luna (Actias luna): The luna moth is known for its delicate, light green wings with long tails and is one of the most beautiful moths in North America. Its unique colouring and elegant shape make it a popular subject for photographs and nature enthusiasts.
2. Cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia): This is one of the largest and most beautiful moths in North America. It has colourful wings with distinctive patterns in shades of red, white and black.

The rarest species

1. Comet Moth (Argema mittrei): Also known as the Madagascar Moon Moth, it is one of the rarest and most sought-after moths by collectors. It only occurs in Madagascar and is endangered due to habitat loss.
2. Brahmaea wallichii: This rare moth is found in the Himalayan regions. Its unique, intricately patterned wings make it particularly attractive, but it is difficult to find in the wild.

Records in the world of moths

1. The largest moth: The Atlas moth (Attacus atlas), with a wingspan of up to 30 cm, is considered the largest moth in the world in terms of wing area.
2. The smallest moth: Stigmella microtheriella, which belongs to the Nepticulidae family, has a wingspan of only 3-4 mm. It is one of the smallest moths in the world, and its larvae feed inside leaves, creating characteristic faces.
3. The most colourful moth: The Urania leilus, also known as the Urania butterfly, is one of the most colourful moths in the world. Its wings shimmer in bright shades of green, blue and red, making it particularly eye-catching.
4. The longest-living moth: Most adult moths have a short lifespan of a few days to a few weeks, but some species can survive much longer in the larval or pupal stage, even up to several years, before they reach adulthood.
5. The Giant Moth: The Giant Moth (Autographa gamma), known for its long-distance migration, can travel considerable distances in search of suitable environmental conditions.

How to observe moths

Tips for amateurs and nature enthusiasts

Choosing a place and time:

• Choose dark places away from city lights (parks, forests, gardens).
• The best time to observe is after dusk and before dawn.

Preparation:

• Wear long sleeves and trousers.
• Use insect repellent.

Documentation:

• Write down the date, time, location and species observed.
• Take photos of moths for identification and documentation.

Tools and techniques

UV torches:

• They emit UV light that attracts moths.
• Point the torch at a white sheet or wall.

Light traps:

• These traps consist of a light source and a container.
• Place the trap in a dark place and switch it on after dusk.

White sheet:

• Hang up a sheet and shine a UV light or a strong light on it.
• Moths will land on the sheet, making them easier to observe.

Pheromones:

• They use chemical signals to attract specific species of moths.
• Place the pheromone in a trap and monitor it.

Moth observation is a fascinating hobby that allows you to get to know these insects better. Using the right tools and techniques increases the effectiveness and enjoyment of observation.

Summary

Moths, also known as nocturnal butterflies, are fascinating insects that are crucial to the ecosystem. They are distinguished by their unique morphology, diverse wings and antennae adapted to nocturnal life. They hide during the day and actively feed and pollinate plants at night, thus contributing to the preservation of biodiversity. Although some species can be crop pests, their overall impact on the environment is extremely positive.